ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Introduction: Improving cardiovascular function is one of the main training goals of many sports. Objective: To understand the characteristics of the cardiovascular response of athletes under different training conditions. Methods: Thirty male basketball students were enrolled. The subjects were divided into A and B groups according to their years of training, with 15 students in each group. Exercise fatigue tests were performed, starting at a low intensity and gradually increasing the load to a relatively high degree of fatigue. Results: The RMSSD value was 42.82±31.41ms in group A and 46.48±35.26ms in group B undera low fatigue state. The LF/HF value of the athletes in group A was 2.86±1.47 and the LF/HF value of the athletes in group B was 2.94±1.68. The RMSSD value was 40.78±31.17ms and 32.37±36.42ms for groups A and B, respectively, undera high fatigue state. Conclusions: Athletes with more years of training can mobilize more cardiac reserves to meet the increase in exercise load in a fatigue state and have better autonomic nervous regulation in the process of reaching a higher degree of fatigue state. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.
RESUMO Introdução: Melhorar a função cardiovascular é um dos principais objetivos do treinamento em muitos esportes. Objetivo: Compreender as características da resposta cardiovascular de atletas em diferentes condições de treino. Métodos: Trinta estudantes do sexo masculino e jogadores de basquete foram inscritos. Os participantes foram divididos em grupos A e B, de acordo com os anos de treinamento, com 15 estudantes em cada grupo. Foram realizados testes de fadiga por exercício, que no início foi de baixa intensidade e aumentou gradualmente até um grau relativamente alto. Resultados: O valor de RMSSD foi de 42,82 ± 31,41 ms no grupo A e de 46,48 ± 35,26 ms no grupo B em estado de fadiga baixa. O valor de LF/HF dos atletas do grupo A foi 2,86 ± 1,47 e o dos atletas do grupo B foi 2,94 ± 1,68. O valor RMSSD foi de 40,78 ± 31,17 ms e 32,37 ± 36,42 ms para os grupos A e B, respectivamente, em estado de fadiga elevada. Conclusões: Os atletas com mais anos de treinamento podem mobilizar mais reservas cardíacas para atender ao aumento da carga de exercício em estado de fadiga e ter melhor regulação do sistema nervoso autônomo no processo de atingir um grau maior de estado de fadiga. Nível de Evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - Investigação dos resultados do tratamento.
RESUMEN Introducción: La mejora de la función cardiovascular es uno de los principales objetivos del entrenamiento en muchos deportes. Objetivo: Comprender las características de la respuesta cardiovascular de atletas en diferentes condiciones de entrenamiento. Métodos: Se inscribieron 30 estudiantes del sexo masculino y jugadores de baloncesto. Los participantes se dividieron en los grupos A y B según los años de entrenamiento, formando 15 estudiantes en cada grupo. Se realizaron pruebas de fatiga por ejercicio, que al principio fueron de baja intensidad y fueron aumentando gradualmente hasta un grado relativamente alto. Resultados: El valor de RMSSD fue de 42,82 ± 31,41 ms en el grupo A y de 46,48 ± 35,26 ms en el grupo B en estado de baja fatiga. El valor de LF/HF de los atletas del grupo A fue de 2,86 ± 1,47 y el de los atletas del grupo B fue de 2,94 ± 1,68. El valor de RMSSD fue de 40,78 ± 31,17 ms y 32,37 ± 36,42 ms para los grupos A y B, respectivamente, en estado de fatiga elevada. Conclusiones: Los atletas con más años de entrenamiento pueden movilizar más reservas cardíacas para hacer frente al aumento de la carga de ejercicio en estado de fatiga y presentan una mejor regulación del sistema nervioso autónomo en el proceso de alcanzar un mayor grado de estado de fatiga. Nivel de Evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: Hyperuricemia is a risk factor for contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients with chronic kidney disease. This study evaluated the value of hyperuricemia for predicting the risk of contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients with relatively normal serum creatinine who were undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 788 patients with relatively normal baseline serum creatinine (<1.5 mg/dL) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention were prospectively enrolled and divided into a hyperuricemic group (n = 211) and a normouricemic group (n = 577). Hyperuricemia is defined as a serum uric acid level>7 mg/ dL in males and >6 mg/dL in females. The incidence of contrast-induced acute kidney injury was significantly higher in the hyperuricemic group than in the normouricemic group (8.1% vs. 1.4%, p<0.001). In-hospital mortality and the need for renal replacement therapy were significantly higher in the hyperuricemic group. According to a multivariate analysis (adjusting for potential confounding factors) the odds ratio for contrast-induced acute kidney injury in the hyperuricemic group was 5.38 (95% confidence interval, 1.99-14.58; p = 0.001) compared with the normouricemic group. The other risk factors for contrast-induced acute kidney injury included age >75 years, emergent percutaneous coronary intervention, diuretic usage and the need for an intra-aortic balloon pump. CONCLUSION: Hyperuricemia was significantly associated with the risk of contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients with relatively normal serum creatinine after percutaneous coronary interventions. This observation will help to generate hypotheses for further prospective trials examining the effect of uric acid-lowering therapies for preventing contrast-induced acute kidney injury.